![]() Many dessert recipes will even say to chill your mixing bowl and whisk beforehand so the cream will whip and hold up better. When working with heavy cream and whipping cream, it is best to work with it while it is cold. Heavy cream also holds up better than whipping cream does, which is why it is ideal for many desserts, especially frostings. Heavy cream is ideal for cooking and baking, as it has less water content and thickens quicker when simmered. Whipping cream is less commonly used in dishes than heavy cream. It can work well if you are looking for a lighter whipped topping for adding to your desserts. Whipping cream works great for homemade pies and can also be used for a lighter, less stiff whipped cream. It is also great for delicious sweet treats like ice cream, butterscotch sauce, chocolate mousse, chocolate ganache, whipped cream, frostings, and creme brulee. Heavy cream gives a rich and smooth texture to savory dishes like creamy soups, pasta sauces, bisques, scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes, and salad dressings. Heavy cream is used in many sweet and savory dishes. Whipping cream is used for lighter, fluffier dishes. Heavy cream is often a popular choice in richer, creamier dishes. Typically heavy cream and whipping cream are not used interchangeably, though if needed you can use either one. Not only can they be used to make desserts, but they can also be used to make savory dishes. There are several uses for both heavy cream and whipping cream. It is alright to get heavy whipping cream if you are needing heavy cream. It can be confusing when shopping for heavy cream as there are different names for the same thing. ![]() Both must contain at least 36% milkfat and can be used interchangeably. Heavy whipping cream is actually just the same product as heavy cream, it just is sold under a different name. To make it more confusing, there is also a product called heavy whipping cream. Heavy Cream vs Heavy Whipping Cream Facts This is longer than other creams such as half-and-a-half and light cream. Whipping cream contains approximately 45 calories, four and a half grams of fat, and three grams of saturated fat in a tablespoon.ĭue to their high-fat content, heavy cream and whipping cream can generally last for a month in the refrigerator. In one tablespoon, heavy cream contains approximately 50 calories, five grams of fat, and three and a half grams of saturated fat. However, heavy cream and whipping cream are high in calories. They include vitamins A, K, D, and E in addition to calcium which is beneficial to your bones. Heavy cream and whipping cream are full of vitamins and minerals that are beneficial to your health. The higher percentage of milk fat allows heavy cream to hold its form longer and whip better than whipping cream. ![]() Whipping cream comes in slightly under, containing 30-35% milk fat. Heavy cream has the most milk fat, containing 36-40%. The thing that sets the two apart is the amount of milk fat each one has. ![]() Though there are differences between the two, heavy cream and whipping cream are much alike. The Differences Between Whipping Cream vs Heavy Cream When shopping, it can be confusing to know which one is the right one to buy. They are typically sold in cartons or bottles. Both are common ingredients that can be found in different desserts and even in savory dishes.īoth heavy cream and whipping cream can be found at grocery stores in the dairy section. However, many people don’t know the differences between whipping cream vs heavy cream. If you have done any baking before, you’ve likely heard of heavy cream and whipping cream. ![]()
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![]() NEON’s founder Major Nesby and collective artists and creators Janel Martinez, Roya Marsh, Eva Reign, Abdool Corlette, and DaShawn Usher assisted in curating the limited-edition boxes and bringing “NEON Pink Block Party Lemonade” Pop-Tarts to life.īlack and queer illustrator and influencer Thaddeus Coates, designed the beautiful, bright, and joyous Pride Box artwork, and, for the first time in the brand’s history, Pop-Tarts partnered with the same independent artist to design the edible ‘Printed Fun’ frosting art featured directly on the Pop-Tarts themselves. In collaboration with Pop-Tarts, NEON worked diligently to develop the Pride Box and provide much-needed representation for LGBTQ+ BIPOC communities. Through its digital content series, NEON aims to create multi-dimensional, accurate portrayals of the Black LGBTQ experience. NEON is a collective of artists and creators that leverages the power of storytelling and GLAAD’s platform to increase the visibility of Black LGBTQ people. This Pride Month, NEON (powered by GLAAD) partnered with Pop-Tarts to create the first-ever Pop-Tarts Pride Box, “NEON Pink Block Party Lemonade.” A Guide in English and Spanish for LGBTQ Inclusion in Entertainment. ![]() Una Guía Para La Inclusión LGBTQ en Medios de Entretenimiento.Guía para una Cobertura Objetiva de Personas y Temas Transgénero.Más Recursos para Profesionales de los Medios.Guía GLAAD para Profesionales de los Medios.Media Guide: State Legislation About LGTBQ People.Stay tuned to Pop-Ta rts and Lyrical Lemonade social channels for more information, including the drop of the limited-edition Lyrical Lemonade Pop-Tarts box. “This collaboration is yet another way we’re inspiring our audience to go beyond the expected and see what others don’t, because challenging everyday expectations is our toast and jam.” ![]() “The Lyrical Lemonade team members are the embodiment of the ingenious instigators we celebrate at Pop-Tarts because they consistently hack the mundane and create the extraordinary,” said Sarah Reinecke, senior director of brand marketing. 14, following limited availability at the Los Angeles pop-up the previous day. The “Crazy Good” collaboration, a first for the Kellogg’s brand, will be available on Lyrical Lemonade’s website starting at 6 p.m. “All of us at Lyrical Lemonade have been eating Pop-Tarts since we were kids, so collaborating with them on our own Lyrical Lemonade box is a feeling that I can’t even really explain, feels surreal.”Īs part of the partnership, Pop-Tarts is creating a limited-edition Lyrical Lemonade Toaster Pastry, featuring packaging designed by the Lyrical Lemonade team. “It’s been a while since everyone has been back together in school, and we loved the idea of collaborating with Pop-Tarts to get creative and make that first day back amazing,” said Cole Bennett, founder of Lyrical Lemonade. 13, in Los Angeles, the Pop-Tarts x Lyrical Lemonade Experience will open for business and transform basic items – backpacks, notebooks, skateboard decks and sneakers – into Pop-Tarts flavor-themed collectibles. Pop-Tarts and Lyrical Lemonade, along with special guests, will work with fans to customize their items with paint, exclusive patches, custom stickers and live artist illustrations. ![]() ![]() ![]() Its ten hues range from Fair (a pinky beige) to Mahogany (a chocolate). ![]() Instead, Shape Tape has a tapered wand that is like a super-sized doe foot that covers just the right amount of surface area. And the wand doesn't come with your typical concealer applicator that takes multiple dips into the tube to cover just one undereye circle. It also has a brightening, long-wearing finish that doesn't require annoying mid-day touchups. It is a contour that is permanent in this palette. 0.28 Ounce (Pack of 1) (38265) 4.99 (17.82/Ounce). Here are our dupes for Tarte Sculpt, which is a slightly warm-toned, medium brown with a matte finish. Tarte Shape Tape Cloud CC Cream Broad Spectrum SPF 15 Sunscreen. Girl Pro Conceal HD Concealer, Beautiful Bronze, 1 Count. /rebates/2fp2fsculpt-tape-contour-pimprod20370103fsku3d2604053&. 3.9 out of 5 stars 98 reviews (98) 31.00 - 35.00. It's formulated with superhydrating ingredients, like shea butter and mango seed, that help moisturize skin, and it blends so well that it doesn't crease. Tarte Double Duty Beauty Shape Tape Contour Concealer - deep Consider a similar item. So why does Shape Tape have such a following? First of all, it doesn't draw attention to dry spots or feel cakey. Trikovi za konturisanje i zatezanje pomou Sculpt Tape i Blush Tape od tarte cosmetics. Tarte's New Palette Will Help You Pull Off Fall's Hottest Makeup Trend.Tarte Made Limited-Edition Glitter Eyeliners and They're Incredible.Honey, Tarte Just Shrunk Their Palettes.More Tarte makeup we're loving right now: This content can also be viewed on the site it originates from. (Just look at the Shape Tape reviews on Ulta if you don't believe me.) Tarte Double Duty Beauty Shape Tape Contour Concealer - 12S Fair (Fair Skin With Yellow. Or fastest delivery Mon, Jun 19 Tarte Double Duty Beauty Shape Tape Contour Concealer - Fair. You do what you have to do when people call it the best concealer they've ever used. Were thrilled to announce that Cosmopolitans Holy Grail Beauty Awards have named tarte sculpt tape as Best Contour for 2023 Thank you to Liked by Benjamin Wainberg Were so excited. FREE delivery Tue, Jun 20 on 25 of items shipped by Amazon. Needless to say, the limit is a bit of a bummer for those who use Shape Tape for contouring and concealing-which requires three different shades. The creamy, full-coverage liquid can be used to not only cover up blemishes, dark circles, and uneven skin tone, but also highlighting and sculpting cheeks. The hype is so real that Tarte is limiting customers to just two Shape Tapes per order. Last night, Tarte revealed on Twitter that the concealer, known simply as Shape Tape, is coming back Sunday night. With a cult-favorite reputation like that, the product, which originally launched earlier this year, sells out just about as quick as the Too Faced Sweet Peach Palette every time it is available. "Holy grail status." "So bomb." "Magical." "Life changing." These are all ways people have described the Tarte Shape Tape Contour Concealer. Enter Tartes new Sculpt Tape Contour stick with over 600,000 views on the platform. You can buy all of the shades now for $24 each. ![]() ![]() Thank you, Robert Browning! In Iowa, we could substitute the bluebird for the chaffinch, the yellowthroat for the whitethroat, and the brown thrasher for the thrush. I can't resist sharing a wonderful springtime poem in which buttercups play a role. and thank you for these photos that show us why. Find Buttercup Flower stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Julie Harkey found this example in Scott County. Swamp Buttercup isn't especially common there, but it does grow in depressions and the banks of oxbows where sunlight can reach it for part of the day and where soil remains moist through spring.Īfter a while, the petals of swamp buttercup flowers may turn white. The Park consists of wooded oxbows and former channels of the Iowa River, some abandoned naturally and some when the river was channelized over a hundred years ago. Flowers are arranged in fanshaped clusters. The basal leaves usually have a distinctly different shape. ![]() The stem leaves are alternate, with palmlike veins, and are deeply lobed or dissected. Find high-quality stock photos that you wont find anywhere else. These are perennial or annual herbs with a sharp, bitter taste. Search from Picture Of A Buttercup Flower Pictures stock photos, pictures and royalty-free images from iStock. He took these photographs at Timmons Grove Park in Marshall County. Description There are 18 species of Ranunculus in Texas. Leland Searles, a specialist on Midwestern botany, provided the next two pictures of Ranunculus hispida. Sheryl Rutledge gave me permission to publish her pictures, taken in Tama County. Marla Mertz captured these flowers in Marion County. The Illinois Wildflowers and Minnesota Wildflowers websites are good resources for botanically accurate descriptions of swamp buttercup foliage and flowers. Incidentally, now would be a good time to pull up garlic mustard if you come across any in nature.įollow me after the jump for images of swamp buttercup. This plant is also able to tolerate some degradation of its habitat from other causes. Therefore, populations of Swamp Buttercup remain reasonably secure. This species often grows in soggy areas of woodlands that are too wet for some invasive species, such as Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard). The Illinois Wildflowers website says of swamp buttercup, Both species are native to most of the U.S. Some sources refer to a closely related plant as Ranunculus septentrionalis (swamp buttercup), while other sources no longer distinguish between Ranunculus septentrionalis and Ranunculus hispidus. I believe the pictures enclosed below are Ranunculus hispidus (hispid buttercup or bristly buttercup). Buttercups can be difficult to distinguish from one another, and multiple sub-species are commonly known as swamp buttercup. ![]() If you venture into wet wooded areas in the springtime, there's a good chance you'll find some bright yellow flowers. ![]() ![]() 1986 ibanez roadstar ii series rg440 pearl finish electric guitar with ohsc 809 99 picclick. Source: Gibson 335 copy (1) gibson explorer (1) destroyer (1) 2459 (1) gibson. This is useful for both the people and for experts who’re searching to find out more regarding how to established up a functioning surroundings. Source: Īll of these models share several characteristics including an rg body, an hsh pickup configuration (dual humbucking pickups flanking a single coil pickup) and a double locking tremolo bridge. We endeavor to reply to most emails by the next business day. Ibanez has all their diagrams for stock wiring. Wiring diagram for ibanez 5 way switch using bkps. So ideas if you’d like to get all of these amazing pictures related to ibanez rga32 wiring diagram, click save link to download the graphics to your personal pc. ibanez rga32 wiring diagram ibanez ibanez offers electric guitars bass guitars acoustic guitars effect and pedals amps plus guitar accessories like tuners straps and picks.My vlx91 switch is jumpered unlike any other ibanez diagram that i can find, and i didn't take good enough pictures of the stock wiring before i undid everything to install new pickups (let alone draw myself a diagram, which is what i should have done). ![]() Ibanez Hss Wiring Diagram from Īll you have to do is print this diagram, the figure out what your replacement pickup color codes are then remark this diagram. That is the same as a five way super switch on each side you have two poles for a total of 4 just like this i have both of the ibanez 5 way switches and they act differently depending on weither they come in a hh or hsh guitar any superswitch diagram should. ![]() ![]() However, the term has since been expanded to include any vehicle that is also controlled remotely. In the most technical terms, drones can be airplanes, helicopters, boats, cars, or motorcycles that are unmanned but are still operating autonomously and without the direct intervention of humans. As such, the term “drone” also covers vehicles that work in the air, in water, and on land. And when we say “any vehicle”, we literally mean any vehicle. This basically means that drones can include any vehicle that doesn’t have a pilot or driver but can still function well on its own. ![]() The term “drone” actually means any vehicle that can function autonomously (by itself) or is unmanned. But what you have to know is that, when we say drone, we are using a word that covers a very wide and vast definition that not only refers to the commercial drones that are becoming quite popular nowadays but to a lot of other vehicles as well. Well, the truth is that the flying remote-controlled camera-equipped aircraft we love to call drones in a commercial sense are actually covered in the definition of a drone. But are we really calling them by the correct name? Is a drone really a drone as far as the definition of the word is concerned? We often call these flying aircraft with cameras mounted on them “drones”. With that in mind, because of how taking photos for work or for social media purposes has become so widespread, even the RC world is making use of cameras for the different remote-controlled vehicles that are becoming quite popular. And now that we have social media in the day and age of digital technology, the RC world has completely expanded to embrace the modern times we live in. While in the past we only had model airplanes, helicopters, boats, and cars, we now have a lot more remote-controlled vehicles that hobbyists can enjoy nowadays. The RC world is getting bigger and bigger every single year as there are now more hobbyists and RC enthusiasts who are getting their hands on different model vehicles. ![]() ![]() Nevertheless, let us talk more about drones and quadcopters to make it easier for us to understand what makes these two the same but still very much different. Not even a lot of us know that the proper term to use is “quadcopter”. ![]() While we often apply the term “drone” to the camera-equipped flying vehicle that we often see hobbyists use nowadays, we are actually using that term in the wrong way. Meanwhile, the term quadcopter is a more defined and clear word that refers to a drone that can fly using four rotors. A drone can be any vehicle that moves on air, water, and land. The term drone is a catch-all term that refers to any kind of unmanned vehicle that doesn’t have a pilot or a driver. So, what are the differences between drones and quadcopters? However, in the RC world, different terms such as “drone” and “quadcopter” are often thrown around, which might confuse some people about what these hobbyists are referring to. Nowadays, RC enthusiasts and hobbyists are finding different ways to enjoy what they love doing as technology has improved so much that we now have many different remote-controlled aircraft that are commercially available. ![]() ![]() Now all of a sudden it Only shows up in a totally different state and with exact name search. Is there something I could do to send signals to Google to show that I am in Matthews, NC?Ģ months ago my listing quit showing up at all unless you typed exact business name The City of Fawn Creek is located in the State of Kansas. This pack of four Gorilla Outrigger Arms are ideal for providing scaffold units. Harkness & Young Ltd is located in Auckland with all distribution taking place through North Island and South Island distribution centers. Gorilla Ladders GLL gorilla aluminium outrigger mean GORILLA LADDERS. MetalTech 6 Foot High Portable Adjustable Platform Jobsite Series Baker Mobile Scaffolding Ladder with Locking Wheels Alloy Steel 195 CBM Scaffold 10 PC All Aluminum 75-Lbs per Sq. What could possibly cause my listing or Google to do this? I have been without my listing for a few months now and have NO calls coming in from it. Gorilla Ladders is proudly brought to you by Harkness & Young Ltd. If you search Locksmith Independence, KS it shows up on the maps. Aluminum Slim-Fold Work Platform with 300 lbs. If you search Locksmith Matthews, NC my listing does not show up at all. Adjustable Work Platform with 400 lb Duty Rating, Steel Step Ladder, Portable Folding Scaffolding Platform for RV Cleaning High Painting Walls, Drywall, Decorating (100 CM) Alloy Steel. Keep in mind the GMB is in Matthews, NC All my service areas and the actual map show the correct areas. 445mm A portable workbench is an ideal must have for any DIY enthusiast. ![]() ![]() Now if I search my business name under the auto populate I see it with Independence, KS on the listing. Find gorilla ladders ads in our Ladders & Scaffolding category. ![]() I pretty much do not have any traffic, views or calls now. Gorilla Ladder model SC-4 rolling 44'X24' scaffold. Posted about my SAB listing a few weeks ago about not showing up in search only when you entered the exact name. ![]() ![]() ![]() Care must be taken and must be done by professionals. While installing Terrazzo tiles involves adhesives and grout they are trickier to install than ceramic tiles because they are more likely to crack. Because it is heat and UV resistant, it is great choice as an outdoor paving material or a replacement for concrete look tiles. It is also used for splashbacks, table surfaces, shower stalls, feature walls, staircases and as wall cladding. Today terrazzo slabs (of a minimum 30mm thick) can be used to make a Terrazzo benchtop in a kitchen or a Terrazzo tiles bathroom. New technologies and techniques have expanded its possible uses. ![]() Terrazzo was originally considered a flooring material, but things have changed. Because it is an aggregate material, colour choice is only limited by the colours of the chips and cements available. One of Terrazzo’s major selling points is the vast array of colours possible. Terrazzo concrete is poured, in situ, like regular concrete and consumers can also choose between terrazzo tiles, monolithic terrazzo, sand cushioned terrazzo, and thinset terrazzo. There are several types of the material available. If that were to happen, the value of having a surface with a 75-year lifespan becomes redundant. While there’s no way of knowing one way or the other, it could well be consigned again to that status. It’s worth remembering that not too long ago the material was considered kitsch. Also, it is quite slippery and requires a non-slip coating.Īpart from that, while Terrazzo is enjoying popularity right now, that may not always be the case. Unfortunately, there are some poor-quality products on the market, which are brittle and can lose their colour easily. In the case of terrazzo floor tiles, cleaning is a simple matter of sweeping or mopping.Īll these advantages apply to high quality, well-produced Terrazzo. It is resistant to heat and therefore it is suitable for kitchen countertops and backsplashes that are near to ovens, kettles, and so forth.Īpart from being easy to clean, Terrazzo is resistant to mould, water, stains, and other microbes. On top of that, it is available in an almost limitless number of colours and design options. Because it is made from recycled aggregates and its production doesn’t involve any volatile organic compounds (VOC), it is an environmentally friendly material. It is suitable for high traffic areas and has a lifespan of 75-100 years. Manufactured using high compressive strength, Terrazzo is durable and long lasting. Compared to, say, ceramic tiles it delivers a real earthiness and sense of warmth. Terrazzo’s major attraction is its aesthetic appeal. It is popular in bathrooms, kitchens, as an outdoor material and has even found its way to the of graphic design world! These days, Terrazzo is used on much more than Terrazzo flooring, not just in the major cities like Sydney and Melbourne, but around Australia. ![]() It achieved popularity in that country with Art Deco and Moderne styles from the 1920s to the 1940s and is currently experiencing a new wave of popularity. Later in the 18 th Century, the material was used in Italy, then made its way to the U.S. It originated in ancient Egypt, where it was used to create mosaics. ![]() Available in an almost limitless array of colours, it comes in various types including terrazzo tiles, monolithic terrazzo, sand cushioned terrazzo, and thinset terrazzo. Terrazzo is a composite stone, made from a mixture containing chips of recycled glass as well materials like marble, granite and quartz, all held together by a cementitious binder. ![]() ![]() “Creative Spaces were clearly designed to bridge the current gap between place and technology and to help creative work happen more naturally.”Ĭreative work requires many brain states, including the need to balance active group work with solitude and individual think time. ![]() “Most employees are still working with outdated technology and in places that are rooted in the past, which makes it difficult for them to work in new, creative ways,” said Bob O’Donnell, president, founder and chief analyst at TECHnalysis Research. “Creative Spaces were clearly designed to bridge the current gap between place and technology and to help creative work happen more naturally.” Bob O’Donnell President, Founder and Chief Analyst at TECHnalysis Research “With Steelcase, we have the compelling opportunity to blend place and technology into a seamless setting that allows our most important assets, people, unlock their creativity and share that with others. Devices like Surface Studio and Surface Hub are fundamentally designed around how people naturally create, connect and collaborate.” says Ryan Gavin, general manager, Microsoft Surface. “Every Microsoft Surface device strives to enable the creator in each of us. “Every Microsoft Surface device strives to enable the creator in each of us.” Ryan Gavin General Manager, Microsoft Surface Additionally, spaces should inspire people without compromising performance. People need to work alone, in pairs and in different size groups throughout a creative process, and they need a range of devices that are mobile and integrated into the physical workplace. The companies’ joint exploration of creative work found the creativity process requires diverse work modes as well as different types of technology. Together, Microsoft and Steelcase will help organizations thoughtfully integrate place and technology to encourage creative behaviors at work.” “We believe that everyone has the capacity for creative thinking and people are happier doing creative, productive work. ![]() They require a new creative way of thinking and a very different work process,” says Sara Armbruster, vice president of strategy, research and new business innovation for Steelcase. “The problems we face at work today are much more complex than they used to be. The study also reveals the connection between creativity and privacy, as employees ranked having a place to work without disruption as the second highest factor that could improve creativity, just behind the need for more time to think. There is greater need to collaborate, yet only 25% of respondents feel they can be creative in the places they currently have available for group work. Joint research released today by the two companies reveals the pressure people feel about the shift toward more creative work: The result: The conditions for creativity at work are often not optimal.Įxplore Creative Spaces and the Microsoft and Steelcase partnership.įormer Steelcase CEO Jim Keane shares how people are at the center of this new partnership. Yet, despite the desire to harness creativity, many organizations don’t think about their investments in technology and space holistically. The two companies are introducing Creative Spaces, a jointly developed range of technology-enabled work spaces designed to foster creative thinking at work.Ĭreativity is a critical 21st century job skill driven by organizations’ need for innovation and growth, and employees’ desire for more meaningful work, according to research conducted by the two companies. That’s one reason why Steelcase and Microsoft announced a partnership today to help people enhance these critical behaviors at work. It is a process in which we all can engage and all need to encourage. Creativity is not only the domain of artists and musicians. We face global issues that require all of us to unleash our creative potential to solve problems, make new connections and generate ideas. ![]() Steelcase and Microsoft introduce Creative Spaces - a range of places and technologies to enable the creative process. ![]() ![]() ![]() Pupillography may be the only reliable method of diagnosis for dilation lag in bilateral Horner's syndrome (where the relative anisocoria is obscured by bilaterality). Infrared light provides optimal visualization of the dilation dynamics, and pupillography can accurately measure the dilation speed and difference in dilation between the pupils. The dilation of the pupil in the Horner's syndrome can take up to 15-20 seconds (i.e., dilation lag) compared to 5 seconds in normal individuals. Dilation lag is a characteristic feature of oculosympathetic denervation (i.e., the Horner's syndrome). ![]() Dilation LagĪdditionally, pupillography can be used to measure dilation lag, which refers to the delayed relaxation-dilation of the pupil when the light is withdrawn. Pupillographic investigation of RAPD may also help assess for less common afferent pupillary pathway lesions in the midbrain and tectum (e.g., tectal RAPD). In a patient with head trauma, the RAPD may be the only sign of traumatic optic nerve injury and pupillography might be useful to assess the afferent pupillary pathway in a comatose trauma patient. The RAPD is seen in many different ocular diseases that can affect the afferent pupillary pathway (e.g., diffuse retinopathy, optic neuropathy, optic tract lesions and pretectal lesions). Pupillography also provides a standardized, quantifiable, and reproducible way of measuring the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) compared to the conventional swinging flashlight test performed by a clinician. Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) In fact, it has already been shown to correlate with measurements of visual acuity but is currently limited to use in research settings due to the small amplitude of pupillary responses and the need for repeated measurements However, the secondary reflex has a longer latency, and thus may have potential use as an objective indicator of visual acuity. Both reflexes are mediated by the same retino-cortical pathway, the afferent arm of which is also involved in visual perception. ![]() chromatic and achromatic gratings, coherent motion set) has also been documented. While the classic pupillary light reflex is luminance-driven, a secondary reflex involving pupillary constriction to isoluminous stimuli (e.g. Pupillography might be used to give an approximation of visual acuity in settings where patients cannot (e.g., nonverbal) or will not (e.g., nonorganic) provide the information using subjective assessments. Because of this double decussation, first in the chiasm and then in the pretectal and Edinger-Westphal nuclei, the direct pupil response in the left eye is equivalent to the indirect consensual response in the right eye. CN III acts on the iris sphincter muscles, causing both pupils to contract. These impulses stimulate the pretectal nuclei which then stimulate both Edinger Westphal nuclei of CN III. Light stimulating the left retina generates impulses that travel down the left optic nerve and divide at the optic chiasm, where some impulses continue down the left optic tract and others cross over to the right optic tract. The solid line represents the afferent pupillary pathway and the dotted line represents the efferent pupillary pathway. Pupillary afferent and efferent pathways. It is also useful for obtaining exact measurements of the pupil during preparation for certain ophthalmic procedures. Thus, pupillography is a useful tool for studying, identifying, and treating the underlying stimuli and causes of certain pupillary reactions. This pupil pathway (afferent and efferent) can be affected by a diverse set of stimuli including changes in retinal luminance, sudden changes in stimulus motion, and emotional and cognitive factors. The pupillary afferent pathway starts at the retina, travels through the optic nerve, then goes through the optic chiasm and optic tract to reach the pretectal nucleus, where it communicates anteriorly with the Edinger Westphal nucleus that is in charge of the efferent pupillary pathway ( Figure 1). Infrared video camera and using computer software to analyze the images ( Video 1). Pupillography is a formal method of recording and measuring reactions of the pupil often by using an |
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